Organisational and leadership management Case Study - 1

Hierarchical and initiative administration - Case Study Example Their significant point is to feature themselves in the center and lower layers of the populace to increase most extreme market entrance and piece of the pie. Going into the historical backdrop of the association, it was established in 1965 in West Yorkshire England, and it is there just that their base camp are available. The significant items that they are offering their huge client base are staple, general merchandize and budgetary administrations; an area that is not quite the same as their central business. Related Dairies and Farms Stores Limited was shaped in 1949; the organization ASDA was framed after a merger concurrence with three market chains in 1965. After a great deal of changes in the item base, combined with mergers, acquisitions and expansions, they began their engaged methodology towards expanding their food retailers vision forward. This was done in 1989, by purchasing immense stores of Rivals, Gateway Superstores for an incredible some of 750 million pounds. Issue of selling an excessive number of items emerged, which are experienced by raising capital from investors twice. The excursion of then coupling themselves with the American mammoth Wal-Mart began where the CEO of the organization even sent individuals to the association so as to get to the promoting and innovation base that their worldwide adversaries were utilizing. The takeover of this British association by the US goliath Wal-Mart, occurred on 26th July, 1999; this was the point at which the association was w anting to assume control over Kingfisher plc. (ASDA, 2009) The association is essentially bragging to give item and administration both to its qualities clients. It is a greater amount of less in the center of the item administration continuum, sliding more towards to item end. This is on the grounds that the association has manufactured a brand name in offering quality support as far as retail lodging to its clients. This requires high caliber of item. Then again, because of their sound image name, they have this part of after deals administration that is being related with the association, the clients are fulfilled that their questions would be met with. The component we will concentrate on in the task is the item direction of the association. It is a publically possessed association where offers are being exchanged on various stock trades. The organization gloats of a pay of 638 million pounds and is at present utilizing more than 143 thousand in its association, serving the entire of the United Kingdom. They have been known for their advertising efforts based of reasonable/low value items that have kept the opposition alive in the retailer showcase. Examination OF THE ORGANIZATION The association gives retail to its clients. Aside from the fundamental basic food item items and retail chains that it is giving its clients, the organization has additionally differentiated and moved into the money related division showcase. They additionally offer money related types of assistance to the clients with the assistance of the auxiliary associations. Nonetheless, the focal point of the investigation is the retailer area of the association's product offering. There are a few variables for picking the General Merchandize and staple part, in short the retailer business, of the organization. One of the most unmistakable and significant one is that this division has been created over an enormous timeframe. The

Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Drug Histo

     For decades the weed disallowance has been disregarding individual’s rights, however logical research has demonstrated that maryjane has restorative uses and is innocuous contrasted with different medications. Hence, maryjane ought not be viewed as a perilous medication and ought to be sanctioned. The disallowance of pot didn't end with wrongdoing; regardless, it is answerable for the detainment of thousands of its clients. The government’s crusade against cannabis has additionally made social factors that utilize weed socially unsuitable. Be that as it may, it ought to be dependent upon every person to choose if he/she needs to utilize cannabis whether it is for joy or for helpful reasons.      The authorization of pot has been emphatically bantered since the 1920s and 1930s, when it was first perceived as a risky medication, and newspaper papers promoted misrepresented accounts of vicious violations supposedly dedicated by foreigners inebriated by cannabis (Grinspoon, Marihuana Reconsidered 118). In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was marked to forbid the utilization of cannabis since pot probably caused fierce violations, â€Å"sexual excess,† habit, and prompted the utilization of harder medications (Grinspoon, Marihuana Reconsidered 118). During the 1970s, the administration made the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) to examine the impacts of pot (Weir 26). The NIDA distributed numerous cases concerning pot use, yet they didn't have proof to help their cases (Weir 26). This deception and the government’s battle against cannabis made the legitimization of pot unimaginable. Cannabis is an innocuous medication, however it has not been sanctioned in light of the fact that individuals accept the vast majority of the counter maryjane claims. Research examines have demonstrated that maryjane helps the individual experience a feeling of prosperity, assuages exhaustion, invigorates the craving, and instigates a sentiment of gentle incitement (McDonough 50). Another preferred position of pot is that accomplished clients can control the degree and nature of the inebriation by â€Å"coming down† when it is important to perform (McDonough 50). Weed doesn't cause sexual abundance since every day utilization of cannabis has not been found to adjust testosterone or other sex hormone levels like liquor use, which brings down testosterone levels (Grinspoon, â€Å"Whither Medical Marijuana† 28). Cannabis isn't an addictive medication. National epidemiological sur... ...ugh it is innocuous and has clinical utilizations (â€Å"NORML Report on Marijuana†). More than ten million individuals use cannabis normally despite the fact that it is unlawful, which plainly shows that the government’s hostile to pot crusade has been pointless (â€Å"NORML Report on Marijuana†). The legislature should quit spending rare government assets on the crusade against cannabis, and utilize that cash to lead more research so the Food and Drug Administration can endorse the legitimization of weed (Grinspoon, â€Å"Whither Medical Marijuana† 27). No measure of research is probably going to show that maryjane is as risky as tobacco and liquor since cannabis is an innocuous medication. In the event that cannabis had official clinical uses, at that point individuals would be bound to acknowledge it. Additionally, the authorization of pot would be directed so it would not be a danger to society and its clients. There are numerous individuals who ne ed the authorization of pot for clinical reasons, yet individuals who use it for â€Å"fun† likewise reserve an option to utilize it without dreading to be captured. Cannabis ought to be authorized for all residents in the United States, and it ought to be dependent upon every person to choose if he/she needs to utilize pot, not the legislature.

Startup Hubs Around The World Seoul

Startup Hubs Around The World Seoul Home to over half of all South Koreans, Seoul is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. It is the part of the world’s second largest metropolitan area, and is home to over 10 million people. © Shutterstock.com | Sean PavoneIn our continuing investigation of startup hubs around the world, we will take a look at 1) the location, 2) the tax incentives, 3) legal incentives, 4) investors, 5) specialization of the area, 6) local resources, and 7) startups to watch in Seoul.LOCATIONSouth Korea is part of East Asia and the only country in the world to share a land border with North Korea. The country is largely surrounded by water, with coastlines along three different seas. The country receives enough rain to sustain agriculture, with serious droughts occasionally occurring about once in 8 years. Most of the annual rain is expected between June and September. The country mostly escapes the wrath of serious typhoons, which are more likely to affect neighboring countries such as Japan, Taiwan, parts of China and the Philippines. These storm fronts do bring torrential rains with occasional flooding and landslides, causing considerable damage.The capital, Seoul, is a historical ci ty, founded in 18 BCE by Baekje as one of the three kingdoms of Korea. The city is situated on the Han River and contains many UNESCO world heritage sites. Mountains surround the city, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan. This is the world’s most visited national park per square foot. There are also many modern landmarks. As many as 12 million tourists and other foreigners visited the city in 2013. This large tourist footfall helped the city become the world’s 10th most visited and 6th largest earner in tourism.Geographical BenefitsSeoul is divided in two by the Han River which has played a key role in the history of the area. The city is to the northwest of the country and the river was used as a trade route to China through the Yellow Sea. This route is not used in present times since the river opening to the sea is at the border of the two Koreas and is an area off limits to civilians.The city has a surrounding wall of 8 mountains and some level lands of the Han River Plain. The cli mate is humid continental and subtropical transitional. The months from November to May are more continental while the rest of the year has a more subtropical climate with a tropical wet/dry situation. The East Asian monsoon takes place from June until September. August is the warmest month of the year, while winters can be freezing with some days of snow.Advantages of Choosing SeoulAccording to a 2014 Bloomberg Global Innovation Index, South Korea was at the top when compared to all other countries in indicators such as research and development capability, productivity, technology density and patent activity. This is not surprising as South Korea has grown to become an economically strong area with substantial spending in research and development helping it to become a leader in information and communication technology. In addition to manufacturing cutting edge electronics, the country is also an avid consumer of these digital products. A chunk of bandwidth (50mb/s on average) goes into online gaming and the country hosts the world’s largest video game competition. K-Pop music videos are another popular use of broadband and a global export. This has led to a younger crop of technology experts who are entering a startup scene rich in mobile game development and social media innovation. A more world-focused attitude has attracted the attention of global investors as well, with Google being a key example with their own startup community focused on South Korean companies. Jess Erikson of 500 believes that the city is on the brink of becoming a hub within Asia for concentrated tech activity. She believes this to be possible within 3-5 years and she sees Seoul as a potential Silicon Valley. Her reasons behind this belief are:Government SupportA supportive government is a vital component to success in most ecosystems to promote entrepreneurship. Per capita government backing is higher than any other country and it is expected that the government will put $3.7 bill ion into startups through initiatives and grants.The Right Timing The startup scene has taken off in Korea recently and the presence of top accelerators such as SparkLabs, KSTARTUP and FT Accelerator as well as investors and startup-focused communities are all indictors of a market on the rise. This has helped generate interest from international investors as well.Shift in Thinking There appears to be a shift in the way the new generation thinks, and instead of traditional jobs in high profile companies, more students are showing an interest in joining a startup or starting their own company.Korea-Specific Opportunities Korea boasts a technology infrastructure that is significantly advanced when compared to other developed countries. Smartphone usage is almost 80 percent with average internet speeds of 50mb/s. The population density in Seoul makes it easier for a mass adoption of new technology.Mobile-Specific Opportunities There is an almost 50 percent higher rate of smartphone ado ption in South Korea than in the US and mobile commerce is also at a rate much higher than in America. With a growth rate of 156 percent year-over-year and mobile sales projected to hit $14 billion in 2014, the country presents a great opportunity for investors and entrepreneurs in the mobile business.TAX INCENTIVESSince the South Korean government is actively involved in the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem, there have been several steps made over the years to support this agenda. In 2013, the government announced different measures to help encourage startup businesses and create new jobs to fuel future economic growth. Among these were also tax incentives. A key step was to change the startup financing structure from a loan-based one to an investment-centered one. This would be more supportive of the high-risk and high-reward nature of startups.To help this along, tax breaks and incentives for angel investors and venture capitalists were to be introduced together with a change in tax policies to make it easier for these investors to disinvest and reinvest. Another feature is to give tax benefits to mergers and acquisitions within technology-driven businesses that involve research and development.A new exchange KONEX was also to be set up in 2013 to help facilitate access to the capital market with the same system of taxation for investments as the main KOSDAQ stock exchange.LEGAL INCENTIVESDespite the growing startup scene in South Korea, there are some legal and regulatory issues to be addressed. According to the head of the Startup Alliance, Lim Jongwook, “The domestic startup ecosystem is  active but limited due to regulation.” This means that there are regulations in place that are seen to be in the way of startups. An example is the strict aviation and radio wave regulations that prevent startups in the drone industry from reaching the same success as their Chinese and American counterparts.South Korea has taken some steps to help things along, however. Among these is the startup visa option. In 2014, the country issued its first startup visa to encourage foreign entrepreneurs and startups. The visa was granted to a Korean-America IT entrepreneur, Jason Lee, who now runs two business in the country. There remain challenges, however, which need to be continuously addressed. Hiring a foreigner is a task fraught with uncertainty and a lack of a clearly defined process. The process is somewhat subjective, with constantly changing rules that can become frustrating.A restrictive visa and hiring law means that small companies will not be able to expend resources to hire the right people for the early stage of their business. The E-7 visa requires the company to hire 5 locals for every foreign worker and there must be proof that the work cannot be done by a Korean. The D-8-4 Visa issued to Jason Lee is a solution, but there are restrictions applied to that as well, such as patent ownership, which may be impossible for most foreigners to acquire having no Korean background.The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced many deregulation measures this year for foreign-invested firms which should further help matters along.INVESTORSThere are several reasons for the increased interest from investors into the South Korean startup scene. After the Information and Communication Technology boom of the late 1990s there was an emergence of large ICT firms that saw success over the years. These founders as well as the growing group of Korean-Americans who returned to Korea with knowledge of the US investor scene helped fuel a startup boom.This was helped along by the Korean government not only investing in the ecosystem, but also working towards making an enabling environment for entrepreneurs and investors both. The government has also encouraged large Korean companies to set funds aside to support startups. Strong ties with neighbors China and Japan help provide an initial testing ground or first export market to many startup accelerators.SPECIALIZATIONAs mentioned briefly in this article, the key strengths for South Korean startups are in the information and communication technology fields. The country boasts a large group of skilled developers and engineers who work on anything from gaming apps to social media innovation. One key specialization area for the country is mobile, with four in every 5 people owning and using smartphones, a rate 50 percent higher than the United States. In addition the bandwidth on average is 50mb/s compared to the 10mb/s in the United States again. This has led to a tech savvy country that is years ahead of other developed countries in technology-based infrastructure.The proliferation of the internet and smartphones has led to a large percentage of online sales and mobile commerce which are steadily increasing. According to estimates for 2014, per capita mobile spending is $280 in Korea vs. $105 in the US and $45 in China. These statistics make the co untry a lucrative market for those investors and entrepreneurs with an interest in mobile opportunities.Another area of interest is online gaming and social media. South Korea hosts the world’s largest gaming tournament and has three channels dedicated to the screening of such tournaments. The tech savvy new generation of entrepreneurs takes a lot of interest in this field and it is a great opportunity for investors.LOCAL RESOURCESWith the increase in scope of startups, there has also been an increase in the number of startup hubs, accelerators and communities in the city of Seoul. Some of these include:The VenturesThis company was started in 2014 by the creators of Viki, a community-driven distribution platform for TV content that was acquired by the Japanese firm Rakuten for $200 million. Changseong Ho and Jiwon Moon’s firm works with various startups for an indefinite period of time. These startups are provided with an office space, professional support and are mentored until such time as they are ready to enter the market.FuturePlayThis company was also created in 2014 and is focused on early-stage tech startups. FurturePlay believes that the requirement for market understanding and a solid base is an acceleration period of three months. A combination of incubator, accelerator and venture capital, the company provides bright entrepreneurs a paid 12-month intensive program. Digital Entertainment VenturesThis company began in New York in 2012 and has a primary interest in media, entertainment and platform businesses. The company ventured into Korea following immense support by the Korean government for the ecosystem. The company combines acceleration in both Korea and the US.KStartupThis organization began as a pilot in 2012 and officially launched in 2013. It is now one of the largest acceleration/incubation programs in the country and is supported by Korean and American Corporations. The main focus is on early-stage startups and the goal is to create g lobal companies. The program inducts founders for a period of three months. During this time, they are provided with support to develop ideas and are mentored by entrepreneurs, marketers, designers and investors based in the Silicon Valley.SparkLabsThis organization offers a small investment, mentoring and workspace in exchange for an equity stake in the company. Started in 2012, the company runs the program for three months, twice a year. The company has taken out three batches, acquired two companies, graduated 30 companies and raised $75 million in follow-on funding.Seoul SpaceThis is one of Korea’s top startup accelerators and was founded by David Lee and Richard Min. Lee and Min are two of Korea’s leading techies and have had a part to play in the move to make Seoul Korea’s Silicon Valley. If a startup is selected for the program, it becomes a resident company in the Seoul Space and is provided mentorship and expertise.STARTUPS TO WATCHKakao Talk This is one of the most successful Korean Startups and is worth $2 to $3 billion. More than just a messaging app, it is also a mobile-only platform and a portal to social gaming, ebooks and music streaming.Coupang This startup is worth $350 million and offers daily deals, flash sales and social ecommerce. It is operated by a US-based company called Forward Ventures. The company made it to the list of top 100 of the world’s most valuable privately-held tech companies. There is a slight downward trend among online deal websites in Korea so the company’s current value may be a bit lower.Texat This program helps users analyze text message conversations for underlying emotional patterns. Users are asked a few background questions and then upload a thread of messages. The program has analyzed 1.2 billion text messages including stickers and emoticons and the company is confident in its ability to predict these emotional patterns.Vingle This is a content sharing social network. It has 3,000 channels and is continuously growing. The startup already has 2.5 million unique visitors each month and 100 million monthly page views. Though the service is popular in Korea and the US, co-founder Ms. Moon aims to reach a Japanese audience.Bapul This is an education application. The program aims to bring in the geniuses of the world to educate others. The main focus is on math problems. When a student is stuck, they can share a photo of their work along with their approach to solving the problem. The correct answer and explanation is supposed to come back in 20 minutes.

B-26 Marauder, World War II Bomber Aircraft

General: Length: 58 ft. 3 in.Wingspan: 71 ft.Height: 21 ft. 6 in.Wing Area: 658 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 24,000 lbs.Loaded Weight: 37,000 lbs.Crew: 7 Performance: Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-43 radial engines, 1,900 hp eachCombat Radius: 1,150 milesMax Speed: 287 mphCeiling: 21,000 ft. Armament: Guns: 12 Ãâ€" .50 in. Browning machine gunsBombs: 4,000 lbs. Design Development In March 1939, the US Army Air Corps began seeking a new medium bomber. Issuing Circular Proposal 39-640, it required the new aircraft to have a payload of 2,000 lbs, while possessing a top speed of 350 mph and a range of 2,000 miles. Among those to respond was the Glenn L. Martin Company which submitted its Model 179 for consideration. Created by a design team led by Peyton Magruder, the Model 179 was a shoulder-winged monoplane possessing a circular fuselage and tricycle landing gear. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines which were slung under the wings. In an effort to achieve the desired performance, the aircrafts wings were relatively small with a low aspect ratio. This resulted in a high wing loading of 53 lbs./sq. ft. in early variants. Capable of carrying 5,800 lbs. of bombs the Model 179 possessed two bomb bays in its fuselage. For defense, it was armed with twin .50 cal. machine guns mounted in a powered dorsal turret as well as single .30 cal. machine guns in the nose and tail. While initial designs for the Model 179 utilized a twin tail configuration, this was replaced with a single fin and rudder to improve visibility for the tail gunner. Presented to the USAAC on June 5, 1939, the Model 179 scored highest of all of the designs submitted. As a result, Martin was issued a contract for 201 aircraft under the designation B-26 Marauder on August 10. Since the aircraft was effectively ordered off the drawing board, there was no prototype. Following the implementation of President Franklin D. Roosevelts 50,000 aircraft initiative in 1940, the order was increased by 990 aircraft despite the fact that the B-26 had yet to fly. On November 25, the first B-26 flew with Martin test pilot William K. Ken Ebel at the controls. Accident Issues Due to the B-26s small wings and high loading, the aircraft had a relatively high landing speed of between 120 and 135 mph as well as a stall speed of around 120 mph. These characteristics made it challenging aircraft to fly for inexperienced pilots. Though there were only two fatal accidents in the aircrafts first year of use (1941), these increased dramatically as the US Army Air Forces expanded rapidly after the United States entry into World War II. As novice flight crews struggled to learn the aircraft, losses continued with 15 aircraft crashing at McDill Field in one 30-day period. Due to the losses, the B-26 quickly earned the nicknames Widowmaker, Martin Murderer, and B-Dash-Crash, and many flight crews actively worked to avoid being assigned to Marauder-equipped units. With B-26 accidents mounting, the aircraft was investigated by Senator Harry Trumans Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. Throughout the war, Martin worked to make the aircraft easier to fly, but the landing and stall speeds remained high and the aircraft required a higher standard of training than the B-25 Mitchell. Variants Through the course of the war, Martin continually worked to improve and modify the aircraft. These improvements included efforts to make the B-26 safer, as well as to improve its combat effectiveness. During the course of its production run, 5,288 B-26s were built. The most numerous were the B-26B-10 and B-26C. Essentially the same aircraft, these variants saw the aircrafts armament increased to 12 .50 cal. machine guns, a larger wingspan, improved armor, and modifications to improve handling. The bulk of the added machine guns were forward-facing to allow the aircraft to conduct strafing attacks. Operational History Despite its poor reputation with many pilots, experienced aircrews found the B-26 to be a highly effective aircraft that offered a superb degree of crew survivability. The B-26 first saw combat in 1942 when the 22nd Bombardment Group was deployed to Australia. They were followed by elements 38th Bombardment Group. Four aircraft from the 38th conducted torpedo attacks against the Japanese fleet during the early stages of the Battle of Midway. The B-26 continued to fly in the Pacific through 1943 until it was withdrawn in favor of standardizing to the B-25 in that theater in early 1944. It was over Europe that the B-26 made its mark. First seeing service in support of Operation Torch, B-26 units took heavy losses before switching from low-level to medium-altitude attacks. Flying with the Twelfth Air Force, the B-26 proved an effective weapon during the invasions of Sicily and Italy. To the north, the B-26 first arrived in Britain with the Eighth Air Force in 1943. Shortly thereafter, B-26 units were shifted to the Ninth Air Force. Flying medium-altitude raids with the proper escort, the aircraft was a highly accurate bomber. Attacking with precision, the B-26 struck a multitude of targets prior to and in support of the invasion of Normandy. As bases in France became available, B-26 units crossed the Channel and continued to strike at the Germans. The B-26 flew its last combat mission on May 1, 1945. Having overcome its early issues, the Ninth Air Forces B-26s posted the lowest loss rate in the European Theater of Operations at around 0.5%. Briefly retained after the war, the B-26 was retired from American service by 1947. During the course of the conflict, the B-26 was used by several Allied nations including Great Britain, South Africa, and France. Dubbed the Marauder Mk I in British service, the aircraft saw extensive use in the Mediterranean where it proved an adept torpedo bomber. Other missions included mine-laying, long-range reconnaissance, and anti-shipping strikes. Provided under Lend-Lease, these aircraft were scrapped after the war. In the wake of Operation Torch in 1942, several Free French squadrons were equipped with the aircraft and supported Allied forces in Italy and during the invasion of southern France. The French retired the aircraft in 1947.

Organizational Behavior Case Out With The Old Essay

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR CASE: OUT WITH THE OLD, IN WITH THE NEW SUMMARY Anderson Corporation started in 1962 as a small consumer product’s company has been enjoying great success and profitability from the sales of its products that it has expanded rapidly. The success of the business has led its founders and management into neglecting the sales and marketing department through its motto and culture of â€Å"WE DON’T SELL OUR PRODUCTS. WE ALLOCATE THEM† and as a result the company has started to face a major setback through losses of millions of dollars in the last 3 years. Mary Hartmann who is the new head of the Marketing division has identified the following problems ï‚ § Lack of attention on the marketing side of the business ï‚ § Lack of an effective sales force ï‚ § Lack of improvement in product quality. ï‚ § Excess staff in the operations department. Mary believes that CHANGE is necessary so as to regain Anderson Corporations former glory and is concerned on what effect the change will have on the employees of the company and its overall operations. 1. What is wrong with the old organizational culture? What needs to be done to change it? Slow reaction to external changes thereby taking a reactive role in the process. This eventually wastes time and resources, therefore the Anderson Corporation lacks flexibility and adaptability. Lack of stability within the organization, meaning it lacks focus which will eventually lead to poor business operations and low returns. 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According to Medley and Akan (2008), theories concerning organizational change were dominated by Lewin’s planned change approach (1947), which brings together four complex elements: (1) field theory, which seeks to map the totality of human behaviors taking place; (2) group dynamics, which seeks to understand the behavior of groups; (3) action researchRead MoreQuality And Total Quality Management1662 Words   |  7 PagesTechnological changes are classified in different ways: †¢ dissemination of technology: new technology replacing old technologies †¢ disruptive technology: create a new market by destroying the current technology †¢ Information Age: dramatic changes in recent years †¢ Increase the knowledge-intensive: information, intelligence and experience (Evans 2013) The basic concepts and principles of decent human behavior. They include all men and women, natural or artificial, human, and obedience to the law concerns the

Alcatraz essay Free Essays

Imagine you are told exactly when you can eat or shower and when you have to go to bed and when you must wake up. Well many of the prisoners on Alcatraz Island were treated in such a way. If you were a prisoner on Alcatraz Island, every aspect of your life would be controlled by a higher authority. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcatraz essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you like to have a midnight snack every now and then, that luxury would be taken away. If you like to sit around and watch TV for hours, you can forget about that too. Alcatraz has a long history of transformation as to how it came to be known as the inescapable prison island. This reputation did not stop a handful of men to try and do the impossible and escape the island. Alcatraz, also known as â€Å"The Rock†, is a well-known yet mysterious place containing many forgotten memories and lost ghosts. Though no one really knows everything that went on within the concealed walls of the old prison, it still manages to trap the interests of millions of people who visit the national park each day on the small island in the San Francisco Bay. Not only has it trapped the interests of those millions of visitors, but it has also trapped mine as well. Discovered in 1775 by a Spanish explorer named Juan Miguel de Ayala, La Isla de los Alcatraces was nothing more than a small island inhabited by a group of pelicans from which the island acquired its name (Alcatraces means pelicans in Spanish). In 1847, the United States Government began view Alcatraz as more than just an island, but also an excellent location for a military fort; by 1853, a State of the Art military fortress was protecting the Western half of the United States against any foreign invasion. With the eruption of the Civil War, Alcatraz began accepting its first military prisoners in 1861. However, it wasn’t until the Spanish-American War in 1898 that the United States realized that the isolation of the island made it an excellent candidate for a prison. The prison population jumped from twenty-six to 450 during the war. That number sprang once more after the famous 1906 earthquake when prisoners were transferred from many San Francisco city jails to Alcatraz. With the island becoming more a prison and less a military fort, it was decided that a cell house would be necessary. After the construction of the cell house in 1912, â€Å"The Rock† was born. In the 1920’s many inmates were allowed to own small gardens of their own. Baseball fields were created and small teams were formed. It wasn’t until the 1930’s that Alcatraz went through dramatic changes constituting stricter rules than ever before thus ending the days of gardening and baseball games. In 1963, however, due to the high cost of running an island prison, Alcatraz was officially closed, never to be reopened as a prison. In 1969, a group of Native Americans claimed the island as their own but later ran into trouble with high costs just as the United States had. In 1971, their problems ended when they saw the island go up in flames, badly damaging the lighthouse and many homes that used to house the cell guards and their families. The remaining Indians left after this fire and once again, Alcatraz was abandoned. The U. S. government decided it would be best to make Alcatraz part of the newly opened Golden Gate Park. Today, the money it attracts from its visitors each year provides the operational costs for the island. Throughout all the changes Alcatraz has went, it has retained one thing up to this very day; its deteriorating walls never cease to capture the amazement and interest of onlookers like you and I. That small, haunted, and mysterious island on the coast of San Francisco that treasures so many memories will always be known as â€Å"The Rock. â€Å" How to cite Alcatraz essay, Essays

Muhammad Ali Essays - Boxing, Sports, English-language Films

Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali, originally Cassius Marcellus Clay, in his lifetime became one of the best and most controversial sports figures of all time. His upfront attitude and devotion to the Muslim religion made him a role model for many people. Perhaps the most surprising thing he did was changing is name to Muhammad Ali after becoming a Muslim. Ali, then still going by Cassius Clay, first came to world attention in 1960, when he won the Olympic light-heavyweight championship. After his surprising victory over then heavyweight champion Sonny Liston in 1964, he produced a steady stream of headlines. He was the first boxer to benefit from international television, making him all the more visible to the world. In his second fight with Liston, more controversy arose over the way Liston went down and stayed down in the initial round. Ali, however, proved to be a "fighting champion," accepting the challenges of every heavyweight he had a chance to fight. He was stripped of his title in 1967 for refusing military service on religious grounds during the Vietnam War. He claimed, "If going to war, and possible dying, would help twenty-two million blacks in this country gain freedom, justice and equality, I would join tomorrow." He also said that he would not help kill poor people in other countries when it is happening to his own people in America. He was allowed to resume fighting in 1970 and had his appeal of conviction upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971. Ali regained the championship in a 1974 bout with George Foreman. He lost the crown again in 1978 to Leon Spinks but regained it the same year, thus becoming the first man to win the title three times. Other than Joe Frazier and Spinks, the only boxers to defeat Ali, who had a 55-5 record, were Ken Norton, who later lost to Ali; Larry Holmes, who foiled Ali's try for a fourth heavyweight championship; and Trevor Berbick, who defeated Ali after a failed attempt to make a comeback. After his fight against Berbick, he announced his retirement.